Abstract

This article investigates whether artificial intelligence (AI) can possess moral or spiritual consciousness, with a focus on Nigerian religious and cultural contexts. Using a qualitative hermeneutic approach, it synthesizes theological writings, ethics scholarship, and cultural analysis to explore AI’s status as potential agent or tool, its relation to the soul, and the moral symbolism of “digital life.” We find deep tensions: while some Nigerian leaders encourage digital literacy and responsible innovation, major faith traditions caution against viewing AI as divine. In Christianity and Islam, doctrines hold that only God can endow true understanding on a soul, so AI remains a man-made instrument. African worldviews (e.g. Yoruba Ifá, Omoluabi ethics) emphasize community, integrity and divine wisdom, suggesting any “smart” technology must align with ancestral values. The debate raises questions about moral agency, human accountability, and how religious communities should engage AI. We conclude that AI’s arrival offers both promise and peril: it can assist faith teaching (e.g. scripture analysis, outreach) but also tempt idolatry if we attribute consciousness to code. Theologically, Nigerian scholars call for inclusive dialogue: training in AI ethics, clear ethical boundaries (affirming humans as stewards, not relinquishing responsibility), and interfaith collaboration. Our main findings highlight (a) the tool-vs-agent debate, (b) competing concepts of soul, (c) AI as digital symbol (from miracle-worker to idol), (d) diverse Christian-Muslim-traditional perspectives in Nigeria, and (e) the imperative of human responsibility. We recommend proactive theological engagement with AI, grounded in Nigerian moral traditions, to guide its development for the common good.